浅析TextualA试述Study试述of试述Textual试述Metaphor试述in试述Hotel试述English

Abstract： The theory of Grammatical Metaphor was first put forward by Halliday—the founder of systematic-functional school， whose research， however， only limited to ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor. Halliday took textual metaphor with a pinch of salt. This paper will focus on four representative forms of textual metaphor， that is， metaphorical thematic structure， metaphorical information structure， metaphorical cohesion and nominalization， based on Hotel English， to elaborate its factuality and theoreticality and excate its functions in Hotel communication. Key words： grammatical metaphor； textual metaphor； Hotel English
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[文章编号]1006-2831（2013）08-0154-7 doi：10.3969/j.issn.1006-283

1.2013.03.040

1. Introduction

The theory of Grammatical Metaphor was first put forward by Halliday—the founder of systematic-functional school， whose research， however， only limited to ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor. Halliday took textual metaphor with a pinch of salt. Although Halliday doesn’t admit overtly that textual metaphor is one type of grammatical metaphor， researchers who are interested in the topic of GM he already agreed that besides ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor， the category of GM also includes textual metaphor. This paper will address the distributions and functions of textual metaphor in Hotel English. The notion of textual metafunction and textual metaphor will first be elicited in the theoretical framework of L， and then the distributions of four major types of textual metaphor， i.e. metaphorical thematic structure， metaphorical information structure， metaphorical cohesive devices and nominalization will be analyzed in Hotel English to show its functions.

2. Textual metafunction

2.1 The definition of textual metafunction
For textual metafunction， Thompson（1996/2000： 28） defines it as “in using language， we organize our messages in ways which indicate how they fit in with the other messages around them and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing”. Halliday （1999b： 528） explains i学术论文下载www.618jyw.com
t as “language as information”. It is a function about the verbal world， especially the flow of information in a text， and is concerned with clauses as messages. It is used to refer to the resources that all language must he so as to form discourse by ensuring that each part of the text makes contact with its environment， including both the context of situation and other parts of the text（Wang Xiaoping， 2005： 17）. Ideational metafunction and interpersonal metafunction are concerned with the relationship between the text and the world and are thus “extrinsic”， the textual metafunction is concerned with the relationship within the text and so is “intrinsic”in nature （Liu Chengyu， 2008： 226）. 2.2 The components of textual metafunction
According to Halliday （1978： 113）， the textual component is defined to represent the speaker’s text forming potential. This component expresses the relation of the language which enables the ideational and interpersonal metafunctions to be actualized into a coherent text. This is the component which provides the texture. Halliday & Hasan（1985： 26） point out that the textual component of language is closely related with the mode of discourse. As Halliday & Hasan observe， the textual component of language falls into three源于：科技论文写作www.618jyw.com
sub-systems： thematic structure， information structure and cohesion （ibid.）. The textual components can be illustrated by Figure 1.
3. Textual metaphor and its study in Hotel English
The concept of textual metaphor was first put forward by Martin， but he didn’t give any explicit definition for the term “textual metaphor”. According to Liu Chengyu （2008：228）， “textual metaphor” is used to refer to the subcategory of GM derived from tranerence in the textual resources， including metaphorical thematic structure， metaphorical information structure and grammatical metaphors in cohesion.
3.1 Metaphorical thematic structure and its study in Hotel English
Thompson （1996/2000： 176） emphasizes that the thematic structure belongs to the category of textual metaphor. Its function is to make the writer/speaker obtain the desired Theme and Rheme structure. The different choice of Theme has contributed to a different meaning.
Metaphorical thematic structure includes two sub-category： thematic equative and predicated Theme.
The thematic equative was defined by Halliday & Mathiessen （2004： 69） to refer to“the Theme-Rheme structure in the form of equation， where Theme = Rheme”.
A thematic equative， which is usually called a “pseudo-cleft sentence” in formal grammar. In a thematic equative， all the elements of the clause are organized into two constituents； these two are then linked by a relationship of identity， a kind of “equals sign”， expressed by some form of the verb “be”（Halliday， 1994/2000：41）. One key feature of thematic equatives is that they group more than one element of the message into a single clause constituent which can then function as Theme.
（7a） I want a cup of coffee. →congruent form
（7b） What I want is a cup of coffee.→metaphoric form 源于：论文要求www.618jyw.com
3.2 Metaphorical information structure and its study in Hotel English
Information is a form of discourse organization. Any discourse is organized as a linear succession of information units， with each unit being realized as a tone group. Halliday（1996： 296） defines the information unit as a structure made up of two functions： the new and the given. Information structure refers to the information model of given and new information in the course of information tranission.
The unmarked thematic structure is： Given+ New， where the given element is located at the initial position of the information unit to function as the starting point of the information conveyed by the clause， while the new element is placed at the end to provide new information. In actual communication， however， it is possible to he the given information following the new. Note that the different order of given and new information between sentences does not result in metaphorical information structure， metaphorical information structure can not be achieved unless those processes are accompanied by mapping between different grammatical domains.
（13a） I need a bottle of just boiled water.
Given New→congruent form
（13b） A bottle of just boiled water is what I
New Given need. →metaphoric form
In example （13b）， the marked expression， in which information is not arranged in the common order of Given and New， there is also mapping between grammatical domains. In the sentence of “A bottle of just boiled water is what I need”， the information that used to be congruently expressed by one simple clause now is arranged into a complex clause， with the new information going first in the form of a clause itself. By altering the natural order of the information structure， the guest succeeds in giving more prominence to the information （the new information） he/she intends to emphasize， thus the guest’s requirement will be easily understood by the attendant.
There is one point that we should note： the Theme slot tends to be occupied by Given information， and the Rheme slot is usually filled with new information， but they are not the same thing. The Theme is what I， the speaker， choose to take as my point of departure. The Given is what you， the listener， already know about or he accessible to you. Theme + Rheme is speaker-oriented， while Given + New is listener-oriented （Halliday 1994/2000： 299）.
3.3 Metaphorical cohesive devices and its study in Hotel English 源于：论文的标准格式www.618jyw.com
[3]Halliday & Hasan （1976： 29） divide the textual metafunction into structural and nonstructural components. The structural one， at the clause level， is the thematic structure of the clause. The non-structural one is cohesion， which can also be achieved metaphorically.
Fan Wenfang （2001： 162-174） summarizes that references， nouns， non-finite verbal groups， processes and mood can be used to create the effects of cohesive metaphor：
（i） Textual metaphor realized by reference
In the congruent realization of cohesion， reference usually only refers to items that appear previously， which is called anaphoric， or refers to linguistic items in the forthcoming clauses， which is called cataphoric. However， reference sometimes can also function textually， in other words， instead of arranging the text in a cohesive way by referring to some linguistic items， it may also refer to “a fact”， “an act”， “a passage of a text”， and so on. Martin （1992： 416） also introduces that reference can identify facts rather than participants.
（14） Cashier： I’m afraid you should pay five hundred yuan as a deposit in advance.
Guest： I knew that. （fact）
（15） Guest： I’m in Room 901. It’s too noisy. My wife was woken up several times by the noise the baggage elevator made. She said it was too much for her.
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ceptionist： I’m awfully sorry， sir. I do apologize. I’ll change a room for you at once.
Guest： That’s very good. （act）
（16） Assistant Manager： I do apologize to you for what he said just now.
（a passage of a text）
（ii） Nouns used to organize text
Nouns can be used to organize text rather than refer to entities. The noun groups like “other reasons”， “more examples”， “many factors”， and so on， predict that in the following part of the text， the writer will deal with “other reasons”， “more examples” and “many factors”respectively. Thus what has already been presented will be connected with what is forthcoming in a cohesive way. As a result， those words demonstrate their textual function.
（17） I’m afraid there are some reasons for this confusion.
（18） Besides that， I’d like to propose some other requests.
（iii） Non-finite verbal group used to organize text
Non-finite verbal group can be used to organize text. For example， when we use “to begin with” as a start of a clause， it implies that in the forthcoming text there must be “second”or “furthermore” to continue the argument. They together construct the text as a unified whole. [3][4]（19） To begin with， I’ll show you the suite room.
（iv） Process used to organize text
Text organization can also be realized by processes in the transitivity system.
（20） I saw Mr. Smith， so I’m telling you that he has come back.
In example （20）， the text is organized by the verbal process realized by “telling” as if it is a happening in the real world.
（v） Mood used to organize text
Imperative mood can be used to organize text instead of carrying out a command.
（21） Let me explain it to you a little bit clear.
In example （21）， the imperative mood is used to elaborate an argument. It is textually oriented rather than carrying out a command.
3.4 Nominalization in textual metaphor and its study in Hotel English
Nominalization in textual metaphor can also be realized by the devices of metaphorical thematic structure， metaphorical information structure and metaphorical cohesion.
First， let’s look at nominalization in metaphorical thematic structure. The Theme or Rheme in the thematic equative can be realized by means of nominalization.
（22a） What that waiter ge to Mr. Smith
Theme
was the bill. Rheme
（22b） The thing that waiter ge to Mr. Smith
Theme
was the bill. Rheme
（22c） The one who ge Mr. Smith the bill
Theme was that waiter.
Rheme
（22d） The one that waiter ge the bill to
Theme
was Mr. Smith.
Rheme
（22e） The bill was what that waiter ge to
Theme Rheme
Mr. Smith.
（22f） Mr. Smith was whom that waiter ge
Theme Rheme
the bill to.
（22g） That waiter was the person who
Theme Rheme ge the bill to Mr. Smith.
As it has been mentioned before， in a thematic equative， all the elements of the clause are organized into two constituents， where Theme=Rheme. In the above examples， the Theme of （22a）-（22d） and the Rheme of （22e）-（22g） are nominalized into clausal nominalization， thus cutting one clause into two chunks， which make one understand the expression easier and forground 源于：论文写法www.618jyw.com
what the speaker wants to emphasize.
In example （22）， there is not only a metaphorical thematic structure， but also a metaphorical information structure because the distribution of Given and New information are different from the congruent form （e.g. That waiter ge the bill to Mr. Smith.）.
As for GM in cohesion， Halliday （1999a： 107） conceives that nominalized forms “function as thematic support for developing the further argument”. [3][4][5]学位论文www.618jyw.com
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