浅谈定义“相”及“组织”概念定义

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摘 要:“相”与“组织”是材料类课程中非常重要的概念,在目前的材料科学基础和工程材料教材中,相关概念的定义各有千秋。根据目前一些教材中的定义及教学过程中的体会,阐述了这两个重要概念应有的内涵,并提出“相”与“组织”的定义。
关键词:材料科学基础 相 组织 概念
About the definition of "phase" and "zuzhi-structure"
Zhao Jie, Ye Fei, Wang Qing, Qi Min
Dalian university of technology, Dalian, 116085, China
Abstact: There are two important concepts in the course of fundamentals of materials science: "phase" and what is named as "zuzhi-structure". There are various definitions for these concepts in different textbooks. The current paper discusses the very basic meaning of these two concepts based on some typical Chinese and English textbooks and references. The definition for these two concepts are also proposed for judgement of colleague.
Key words: fundamentals of materials science; phase; zuzhi-structure; definition
“相”与“组织”是材料类课程中非常重摘自:本科毕业论文致谢词www.618jyw.com
要的概念,又是在教师讲授和学生学习过程中常常讲不明白,需要反复举例让学生体会领悟的概念。在目前的材料科学基础和工程材料教材中,相关概念的定义各有千秋。笔者根据目前一些教材中的定义及教学过程中的体会,提出这两个重要概念的定义供大家商榷。
1 “相”的概念
“相”在材料科学基础和其他材料专业课程中是使用最为频繁的概念之一,一些教材中对其有明确的定义,而有些教材中则定义不明确。对于有明确定义的教科书,也没有统一的叙述。例如:
在潘金生、仝健民、田民波编著的《材料科学基础》(清华大学出版社)中,“相”的定义是:人们把具有相同的(或连续变化的)成分、结构和性能的部分(或区域)称为合金相或简称相。
在胡赓祥、蔡珣、戎咏华编著的《材料科学基础》(上海交通大学出版社)中,“相”的定义是:所谓相,是指合金中具有同一聚集状态、同一晶体结构和性质并以界面相互隔开的均匀组成部分。
在石力开主编的《材料词典》(化学工业出版社)中,词条“相”的定义是:一个由大量原子或分子组成的系统,在一定的外部约束条件的作用下达到平衡时,系统内形成一个或多个相互区别的均匀区域。具有同样结构与性质的均匀区域便构成一个相。
以上定义对“相”从不同角度进行了叙述,但细致分析,应该说不是很准确,仍然存在问题。例如,按照这些概念,“相”是“部分”或者“区域”,这容易让人费解,也是学生学习中容易迷糊的地方。
英文教材中是怎么定义“相”的呢?“相”的英文名称比较确定:“phase”。在一本英文教材中,是这样定义的,“A phase may be defined as a homogenous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics”。翻译成中文:“相可以定义为系统中的一个均匀部分,它具有均匀的物理和化学特性”。很有意思的是,这里用了“may be defined”,说明编者对于这一定义并不满意。
在美国材料学会(A)编写的手册中,对“相”的定义有比较详细的解释。其原文为:The term "phase" refers to that region of space occupied by a physically homogeneous material. However, there are two uses of the term: the strict sense normally used by physical scientists and the somewhat looser sense normally usedby materials engineers. In the strictest sense, homogeneous means that the physical properties throughout the region of space occupied by the phase are absolutely identical, and any change in condition of state, no matter how all, will result in a different phase. For example, a sample of solid metal with an apparently homogeneous appearance is not truly a single-phase material, because the pressure condition varies in the sample due to its own weight in the gritational field. In a phase diagram, however, each single-phase field is usually given a single label, and engineers often find it convenient to use this label to refer to all the materials lying within the field, regardless of how much the physical properties of the materials continuously change from one part of the field to another. This means that in engineering practice, the distinction between the terms "phase" and "phase field" is seldom made, and all materials hing the same phase name are referred to as the same phase. 学位论文www.618jyw.com
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