语态,被动语态常见错误和对策写作策略

英语的谓语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。被动语态是高中英语学习的重点，也是出错率比较高、令学生头痛的难点。

一、被动语态出错的理由浅析和对策

被动语态出错主要有两大理由，一是中文影响根深蒂固，不明确中、英文的差别；二是学生缺乏被动语态的判断技艺，练习得不够，没有形成自觉的语法意识。
针对上述原因，笔者给同学们提供三种被动语态的判断策略教学论文：
1. 在汉语中，并非所有的汉语被动句都出现“被”字。如“作业做好了”、“黑板已经擦过了”。另外，汉语的“受”、“遭到”、“让”、“叫”等都有“被”的含义。在英语中，被动语态的典型的标志就是句中出现by sb.或with sth.短语。如：
The door was locked by me.　门是我锁上的。
The road was covered with snow. 马路上覆盖着雪。

2. 及物动词之后没有宾语常需用被动语态。如：

I __________ (ask) to answer the question.
剖析：ask是及物动词，其后必须接宾语。但在此题中，ask 之后没有宾语。这当然不是题目出错了，而是ask的宾语“我”已经到句首当主语了，即动作的承受者做主语。故填was asked。

3. 谓语动词和主语在逻辑上是动宾联系时，应使用被动语态。如：

The blackboard _______（clean）.
剖析：“擦”与“黑板”在逻辑是动宾联系，故用被动语态，即“黑板”被“擦”。故填has been cleaned。

二、用错位相加法掌握被动语态的基本结构

高考中要求掌握八种时态和情态动词的用法，这样就有九种被动结构。如下表：
由于结构比较多，考生虽然能明白被动语态的基本结构：“be+及物动词的过去分词”（以下简写成“be+过去分词”），可在实际运用中不能很好地写出各种时态的结构。为了帮助同学们解决这个理由，笔者结合自己的教学实际，谈谈如何用“错位相加法”提高被动语态的正确率。
1. 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态只需要把be动词改成相应的am /is /are 或was /were。如：
Linda, make sure the tables are set before the guests arrive. (一般现在时的被动语态)

2. 一般将来时的被动语态就是“一般将来时+ 被动”，即：

一般将来时：will + 动词原型
+）被动语态：be +过去分词
will + be +过去分词
类推：过去将来时的被动语态：would be +过去分词。如：
No decision will be made about any future appointment until all the candidates he been interviewed.（一般将来时的被动语态）

3. 现在进行时的被动语态。

现在进行时：am\ is\ are + 动词的现在分词
+）被动语态：being + 过去分词
am\is\are + bei+ 过去分词
类推：过去进行时的被动语态: was\ were+ being+过去分词。如：
The church tower which is being restored will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.（现在进行时的被动语态）

4. 现在完成时的被动语态。

现在完成时： he\ has + 过去分词
+）被动语态： be+ 过去分词
he\has+ been + 过去分词
类推：过去完成时的被动语态: had + been+过去分词。如：
The children he been told many times not to play with fire.（现在完成时的被动语态）

5. 情态动词的被动语态。

情态动词 + 动词原型
+）被动语态： be + 过去分词
情态动词 +be + 过去分词
如：Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones. 坏事有时可以变成好事。
总之，我们要在了解结构掌握策略教学论文的前提下，进行适当的训练，在实际语言运用中感知被动语态，进展语言运用能力。
巩固练习: 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. You’ve failed to do what you ____________ (expect) to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you.
2. People say that a ile can（pass）from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so.
3. When research（assign），the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance.
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a all box which __________（place）under the Minister’s car.

5. —What’s that noise?

—Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine_________（test）.
6. I like these English songs and they _____ (teach) many times on the radio.
7. In Indonesia, where Obama lived as child, hundreds of students at his former elementary school erupted in cheers when he __________（declare）winner, pouring into the courtyard where they hugged, danced in the rain and chanted “Obama! Obama!”
8. Progress __________（be）so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
参： 1. were expected2. be passed3. is assigned4. had been placed5. is being tested6. he been taught

7. was declared8. has been

(作者单位：韶关市曲江区曲江中学)
责任编校 蒋小青