探讨语态初中英语被动语态讲解

1. 语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
例如：主动语态：Many people speak Chinese in the world.
被动语态：Chinese is spoken by many people in the world.
例如：I opened the gift. （主动句）
The gift was opened by me. （被动句）
We call the snowman Mr. Strong. （主动句）
The snowman is called Mr. Strong. （被动句）
They make shoes in that factory. （主动句）
Shoes are made （by them） in that factory. （被动句）
2. 被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
（1）一般现在时：am/is/are+done
The motorbike is ridden to his factory every day.
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
（2）一般过去时：was/were+done
Ten computers were bought （by them） last term.
The station was built in 1928.
（3）一般将来时：will/shall be+done或 am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
The work will be finished （by them） in ten days.
Some babies will be looked after by Miss Chen
（4）过去将来时的被动语态： ①would / should + be + 动词的过去分词 或was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.
She said that some new buildings would be built soon in our city.
He thought that my watch was going to be mended after two hours.
（5）现在进行时：am/is/are being+done
The rooms are being painted by some workers now.
Many trees are being cut down in the park.
（6）过去进行时的被动语态： was / were + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.
（7）现在完成时：he/has been+done
Twenty more keys he been made by us.
Some new streets he been built in the city since 2000.
（8）过去完成时：had been+done
Many letters had been received by the end of last week.
I didn't know that my watch had been mended .

3. 被动语态的用法

（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This book was published in 198

1.这本书出版于1981年。

（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户被迈克打破的。
This book was written by Lu Xun .这本书被鲁迅写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.摘自：毕业论文答辩www.618jyw.com
每天8小时睡眠必须被保证。

4. 主动语态变被动语态的方法

（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be+过去分词）。
（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. （主动句）
He was laughed at by all people. （被动句）
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made by them in the factory.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。例如：We can repair this watch in two days. （主动句）
This watch can be repaired in two days. （被动句）
You ought to take it源于：如何写论文www.618jyw.com
away. （主动句）
It ought to be taken away. （被动句）
They should do it at once. （主动句）
It should be done at once. （被动句）
6. 不定式的被动结构： “to be+过去分词” 例如：The radio says a wild animal zoo is to be built in our city.
含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
He was seen to swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
7. 以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序 应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：
Who has broken the cup？（改为被动语态）
→By whom has the cup been broken？
8. 注意区别被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别
（1）含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
The window is broken.窗子破了。（系表结构）
The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。（被动语态）
（2）用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：
He was very interested in science.他对科学有极大兴趣。（系表结构）
I was so much shocked by the scene that I didn't know what to do.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。（被动语态）
9. 没有被动形式的几种情况
（1）不及物动词没有被动语态。如：belong， happen， take place， last， come true， remain， succeed， fall， die， arrive， come out等。
Great changes he taken place in this city.
That bike doesn't belong to Mike.
（2）表示静态的及物动词不用被动语态。
例如：he / fit
I he a TV set.
The coat fits me well.
（3）祈使句一般没有被动语态。
【正】Look at the blackboard，please.
【误】The blackboard is looked at by you.
（4）系动词没有被动语态和进行时态。
The fish tastes good.
The scarf feels soft.
（5）反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。例如：
【正】You must look after yourself.
【误】Yourself must be looked after .
注意：某些动词形式是主动，但含有被动的意思。
The book sells well.
This kind of cloth washes very well.
The watch needs mending .
=The watch needs to be mended
=We need to mend the watch.
10. 初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有
（1）be covered with被……覆盖。
（2）be made of由……制作（发生物理变化）。
be made from由……制作（发生化学变化）。
be made in由（某地）制造。
be made by被（某人）制造。
（3）be used for被用来……。
be used as被当作（作为）……来使用。
be used to do sth.被用来做某事。
（4）It is said that...据说……。
It is hoped that...希望……。
It is well known that...众所周知……例如：
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收稿日期：2012-09-18