浅议HistoryInfluence试述of试述History试述on试述Culture试述and试述Language

【Abstract】People from different countries say different words in different ways when they would like to express the same meaning. This essay is to talk about why this happens. The influence of history on culture and language is written in this article.
【Key words】influence history culture language
When you are asking people whether they can do you a for or not, people from different countries may say “yes” in the same way but “no” in quite different ways. Why？ Culture. Cultures partially originate from different history. In addition, history not only shaped the country and the people, but developed the culture, the core value, and people??s perception. Then it influenced the national common language.
I would like to take British history and its language as an example.
Ⅰ.Before the feudal period
A. Early settlers
The early history of Britain is a history of invasions. “The first known inhabitants are Iberians in about 6,000 B.C. Then, from 2,000 B.C. or so, the bellicose Celtic tribes moved westward and arrived here.” Then it reached the period when Roman controlled the Britain. But actually the first time which Julius Caesar invaded Britain was just nominal conquest for about 96 years. The true conquest which influenced the Britain began in 43 A.D. by Claudio. In addition, this time the Roman Empire changed something with Britain, especially the system of roads and the Church. But, in fact, Romanization didn??t succeed in changing the language and culture.
B.Anglo?Saxon period
About the middle of the 5th century, the Germanic tribes “Anglo?Saxons” moved here. And they contributed a lot to the traditions, language and physical heritage of the English people. At the beginning of the 7th century, it moved on into Heptarch. And by the 8th century the Danish started to intrude England. Until 870, the young king from Wessex, Alfred the Great defeated them and united the England.
C.The Norman Conquest
At the beginner of 1066, the Anglo Saxon ruler of England, Edward the Confessor was on his deathbed. Since he had no male heir, Jarold claimed the throne, whose sister was married to Edward the Confessor. But Duke of Normandy, who defeated Harold, was crowned WilliamⅠin London in 1066. This meant the feudal system completely set up in England.
Ⅱ.The feudal period
A.William??s rule
During the William??s rule, a strong Monarchy was set up. So the upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalized, with the attendant changes in the relations of church and state. This explains the words borrowed from French words. Because at that time French became the official language used in the governments, courts, and institutions. For instance, there are words such as government, tax, jail, and engine. Using French as the language of the court and upper classes last quite a long time until Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，英国诗歌之父) appeared.源于：大学论文格式范文www.618jyw.com
B.HenryⅡ??s reform
HenryⅡ is the founder of the Plantagenet Dynasty, also an scholar and a churchman. Henry??s greatest accomplishment was to replace the feudal law by a body of royal or common law. A major innovation was the replacement of the older system of a sworn oath or an ordeal to 学位论文www.618jyw.com
establish truth but the jury of 12 sworn men.
Ⅲ.The modern England
A. In 1530s, the Church of England separated from Roman Catholici. The king of England became the head of both the secular and religious world, Henry Ⅷ became the real head of England as a nation state.
B. ElizabethⅠ was the last Tudor monarch and one of the most glorious rulers in English history. During her rule, the destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England superiority as a nal power. C. The English Renaissance was a cultural movement, in which the Latin words were borrowed to English, such as nun, history, title, and priest.
This is just a brief outline about English history. “一种语言对另一种语言最简单的影响是词的‘借贷’。只要有文化借贷，就可能把有关的词借过来。每一个文化浪潮都在英语上沉积下一层借词。” [3]“如果一种地域方言由于政治和经济的原因取得了优势地位, 我们就可以说其他方言向这种方言大量借词是因为它享有声望……[4] So now we can conclude from above that history relates to the culture and language closely.
Reference：
邹申. 《专八人文知识与改错》 上海外语教育出版社
薛浩.《英语自学》1995年第03期
[3]萨丕尔.《语言论》. 北京: 商务印书馆
[4]霍凯特.《现代语言学教程》. 索振羽, 叶蜚声, 译. 北京: 北京大学出版社
作者简介：
程程（1990—），女，辽宁锦州人，东北师范大学外国语学院英语系2012级硕士研究生，翻译专业。