谈探析基于中考英语阅读技艺探析

摘 要：阅读理解在中考英语中是一个重要的测试板块，占中考英语总分较大的比重，是很多同学的弱项。因此， 作为英语教师的我们，应该平时注意扩大学生的阅读量，并适时地教授学生基本的阅读技巧，使学生具备高效的阅读能力，并将这一能力有效地用于中考。
关键词：中考； 英语； 阅读； 答题技巧
1006-3315（2013）07-028-003
英语阅读理解题在中考中所占的比重较大，以苏州中考为例，它约占中考英语笔试总分的30%，是学生们通常失分较多的项目。看似简单的阅读题，其实解答起来并不容易。因为阅读理解能力体现的是学习者对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和识记等多方面的综合能力。阅读理解的过程不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素，还涉及到很多非语言因素，如阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所阅读材料内容的熟悉程度、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识等。面对题材广泛的阅读篇目以及类型多样的题目，如何有效地进行解答成为大家关注的焦点。
从历届中考英语的阅读理解看，阅读理解文章的话题多元，体裁丰富。主要体裁有记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，文章内容涉及社会生活的各个方面，如新闻、广告、科普、医疗、文化、教育、寓言等。阅读理解题旨在考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括把握文章的事实和细节的能力；依据短文内容和应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力；考查根据上下文猜测生词含义的能力；归纳所读材料的主旨和大意的能力；推断作者意图和态度的能力。学生们主要是去解决5W1H（who， what， when， where， why， how）的问题。近年来，苏州中考阅读理解的题型通常是选择题，题目主要涉及主旨归纳、细节理解、词义猜测、推理判断等。下面本文将结合实际题型对答题技巧进行分析。

一、主旨归纳题

此类题目询问短文或段落的主题、文章标题或写作的目的。常见的提问方式有：
1.Which is the best title for the passage？
2.Which of the following is this passage about？
3.In this passage the writer tries to tell us that___.
4.Which of the following statements best expresses
the main idea of the passage？

5.This passage is mainly about___.

6.The purpose of this article is to_____.

主旨归纳题的答题技巧是寻找主题句。议论文和说明文的主题句经常在开头或结尾。记叙文主题句有时不是很明显，需要在读懂全文、体会作者用意的基础上进行概括。例如：
People in different countries he different table manners. Something that is polite in one country may be quite impolite in another. In Britain， you mustn’t lift your bowl to your mouth when you are hing some liquid（液体） food. But it’s different in China. And in Japan you even needn’t worry about making noises when you he it. It shows that you are enjoying it. But it is regarded as bad manners in Britain.
The passage mainly tells us ______.
A. some table manners in Britain
B. some different table manners
C. different ways of hing liquid food
D. to he good manners
以上文为例，我们首先寻找主题句，然后解答。主题句就在这篇文章的第一句，根据主题句的描述，本段的大意显而易见就是B选项。

二、细节理解题

此类题目主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力， 问题主要包括询问人、物、时间、地点、原因、结果、文中的数据等。常见的提问方式有：
1.According to the passage， who/ what/ which/ when/ where / why / how/ how many/how much/ how long/ how soon/how often， etc…？
2.According to the passage， which of the following is true/ not true？
3.According to the passage， which of the following is not mentioned？
4.All of the following are true EXCEPT ___.
细节理解题的答题技巧是：首先浏览一遍题目，看清题目所要求理解的细节，然后根据关键词有选择性地在文中找出相应的段落、句子或短语，认真分析理解，选出正确答案。例如： One day a very rich family went on a trip to the countryside. The father wanted to show his son how poor people lives， so they spent a night on the farm of a very poor family…
The father wanted to show his son_____.
A. how people their family was
B. how rich their family was
C. where the poor lived
D. how the poor people lived
以上文为例，根据题目可知所需寻找的信息是父亲想给儿子看什么（what）， 带着关键词“show”定位到的信息是“how poor people lives”， 经过分析可判定选项D正确。

三、词义猜测题

此类题目要求我们根据上下摘自：毕业论文www.618jyw.com
文确定某一词或短语的准确含义，或者确定it， they， them等代词的确切指代。常见的提问方式有：
1.The word “…” in Line… probably means ___.
2.The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to____.
3.We can infer that the underlined phrase means_____.

4.In paragraph 3， “them” refers to _____.

5.The word “…” is closed in meaning to ____.
词义猜测题的答题技巧在于根据生活常识、上下文的意思、所给出的定义、词汇的对比等方式猜测词义。例如：
Usually people make dumplings at home. If you he no time to make them，you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take themhome and eat them with vinegar.
The word “vinegar” means _____.
A.辣酱 B.酱油 C.醋 D.蒜
上文中的“vinegar”词义的理解可以通过我们的生活常识进行判断。从文中可知人们如果没有时间做饺子就买现成的，拿回家后就着“vinegar”一起吃。通常我们吃饺子时蘸醋，因此，本题的正确选项应该是C。
下面将举例说明根据上下文猜测词义。例如：
Many plants and animals are going extinct. Mammoths，which are related（有关联的） with Asian elephants， are now extinct. There are no mammoths in the world today.

1.A mammoth is a kind of _____.

A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree

2.The word extinct means _____.

A.出现 B.灭绝 C.危险 D.幸存
在对上文第一题 “mammoth”的词义猜测时，寻找到其所在的句子，阅读后得知其与亚洲象有关联，据此可以推测“mammoth”是一种动物的可能性最大，C选项是正确的。第二题是要求对“extinct”的释义，在文中我们可以在该词后找到与之相关联的句子，即，如今世界上没有“mammoth”了。因此，B选项是对“extinct”的最好解释。
除了根据常识、上下文之外，还可以根据对比和文中的英文定义对词义进行猜测。例如：
He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.
The underlined word “homely” means _______.
A.顾家的 B.帅气的 C.不寻常 D.不好看
上文“homely”的词义可通过与其后面的短语的对比推测，可知“homely”的意思与帅气不相关，所以，D选项正确。又如：
But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
The underlined word “drought” means ______.
A.雨季 B.雨量 C.干旱 D.洪灾
上文“drought”的词义可根据对它的定义“a dry period”来判定，对“drought”的解释正确的是C选项。

四、推理判断题

此类题目在文中没有明确的答案，要依据文章内容和常识从已知的事情中推测未知的事情， 即作者没有直接说明但已暗示出来的结论。常见的提问方式有：

1.We can guess the writer may be a ____.

2.We can infer from the text that _____.

3.From the story we can guess ____.

4.What would happen if …？

5.By the first sentence in the second paragraph， the author means _____.
6.When the writer talks about...， what he really means is that _____.
推理判断题的答题技巧在于判断要有依据，推理要顺乎作者意图。通常，可以通过整合全文（段）信息进行推断；抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理；利用语义褒贬性进行信息推断。做此类题时切忌从自身好恶出发，把“自己”的观点强加给“作者”。例如：
After a busy day of work and play， the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time， the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while 源于：免费论文www.618jyw.com
sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.
The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you__.
A.suffer from poor health B.feel tired and nervous
C. dream more often D.breathe quickly
从上文题目可知我们需要对缺乏睡眠的后果这一特定信息进行判断。首先，寻找出与睡眠相关的句子“Sleep is necessary for good health.”、“The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.”这两句都从正面描述了睡眠的重要性，睡眠与人体健康关联，据此进行逆向推理可知A选项是最佳选项。
词义的褒贬性也可以成为推理判断的依据。例如：
Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news.
All I read about is murder，bribery（行贿），and death.Frankly，I am？sick of all this bad news.
This？author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to____.
A.complain B.？apologize C.amuse D.inform
上文，作者使用了一系列具有贬义色彩的词句，如“murder”、 “bribery”、“death”、“sick”、“bad”，根据这些词句，我们可以判断作者对这份报纸的态度是充满了不满。由此可知A选项是正确的。
在有的阅读篇目中，数据运算对于推理判断非常重要。例如：
Trinidad and Tobago is a single country composed of two islands. Trinidad， with the majority of the country’s 900，000 inhabitants（居民）， is a rectangle（长方形） of about fifty by forty miles. Tobago， ninety Miles to the north， is aller and has a population of about 35，000.
What is the area of Tobago？
A.At least 2，000 square miles.
B.Less than 2，000 square miles.
C.More than 2，000 square miles D.Less than 50 miles.
上文题目要求是找出多巴哥的面积，文中没有直接说明，只是提到多巴哥比特立尼达要小，且特立尼达形似40英里乘50英里的长方形。根据已知条件，我们进行数据运算，得出特立尼达的面积约是2，000平方英里。多巴哥比特立尼达小，所以B选项是正确的。
此外，涉及全文内容的题目的推理，需要把握全文的逻辑关系。例如：
We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work.They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster，he more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us. 源于：免费论文查重www.618jyw.com